The directives of an .htaccess file are processed recursively. They apply not only to the directory in which the .htaccess file is placed, but also to its subdirectories.

Comments in .htaccess files begin with the pound sign " # ". All endline comments now generate errors and will fill up the error logs with pointless warnings. Do not place comments at the end of any directive or any line.

Basic password authentication is useful when you want to restrict access to a directory based on usernames and passwords. A protected area will cause the visitor's browser to prompt for a password.

  AuthName "restricted stuff"
  AuthType Basic
  AuthUserFile /home/myself/private/stuff.pw
  Require valid-user

The AuthName can be any text. It will be displayed as the user enters the password.

The AuthUserFile directive designates the text file which will hold the username/password pairs. This file can be placed anywhere in your home directory. In this example, the file is placed in ~/private/stuff.pw.

You can generate and update the AuthUserFile using the htpasswd(1) utility. Use the -c flag when first creating the file. The last command-line argument is the login name to create (or whose password is being updated).

  $ htpasswd -c ~/private/stuff.pw newlogin1
  $ htpasswd ~/private/stuff.pw newlogin2

The Deny from directive can block service to a specific IP address, domain name or block:

  Deny from 10.0.0.1
  Deny from 1.2.3.

Alternatively -

  <Limit GET>
  Order deny,allow
  10.0.0.1
  1.2.3.
  Allow from all
  </Limit>

Note that blocking an IP address using this method is not a proper way to deal with abuse! It is generally a bad policy to block clients based solely on their IP address.

You may create and use your own custom error documents, to display in response to errors such as requests to non-existant files, by using the ErrorDocument directive. Please craft these error documents, so as to occupy minimal hard drive space and without incorporating images, since things like computer worms may generate massive amounts of hits to ErrorDocuments quickly. Never declare a URL as the destination for the ErrorDocument!

  ErrorDocument 404 errors/notfound.html
  ErrorDocument 403 errors/forbidden.html
  ErrorDocument 500 errors/servererror.html

If there is not index file in a directory (and this directory is readable by the web server), a directory index will be automatically generated. To disable this feature, use:

  Options -Indexes

Specific files can be removed from the listing as well. To selectively block the listing of any README file and all *.gif images, use IndexIgnore:

  IndexIgnore README *.gif

To override the default file associations and reorient the mapping of given file extensions to user-specificied handlers, the AddHandler directive can be invoked

Suppose that all .html files in the current directory and subdirectories are to be executed as PHP scripts (assuming that they actually are PHP scripts!), you can use:

  AddType application/x-httpd-php .html

It is possible with the AddType directive to project a given filename onto a specific MIME type. To force the mapping of all files with the .foo extension onto the application/x-foo-type type, use:

  AddType application/x-foo-type .foo

We regularly register new default MIME types. If you think a given MIME type is worthy of server-wide recognition, please let us know!

HTTP/1.1 compliant browsers have the ability to request web pages and other resources in different languages and character encodings. The Apache mod_negotiation module provides an option called MultiViews to enable implicit filename pattern matching.

  Options +MultiViews

For example, if a browser requests index.html, there is no file named as such, the web server will look for index.html.en, index.html.fr and so on, depending on the user's language preferences.

• Apache Directive Quick Reference
• Apache 2.2 documentation